机动车排放尾气中挥发性有机污染物对环境空气质量影响初探

采用气相色谱/质谱检测技术,对汽油和柴油、汽油车和柴油车排放气体以及天津市环境空气中主要挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)的组成种类及比例进行探析.结果表明,机动车排放的尾气中主要有机污染物为芳香烃类、烷烃类和烯烃类化合物,其中芳香烃类含量最高;汽油车排放的芳香烃类化合物浓度高于柴油车排放的浓度;机动车尾气对交通区域空气质量的影响高于工厂区(非化工区)、生活小区和公园.     

Assessing and improving management practices when planning packaging waste collection systems

Packaging waste collection systems are responsible to collect, within a geographic area, three types of packaging materials (paper, glass and plastic/metal) that are disposed by the final consumer into special bins. Those systems are often characterized by having a network with multiple depots that act as transfer and sorting stations, and where the vehicle fleet is based. However, each depot is often managed independently and not as a part of a unique system. In this work, four current tactical/operational practices that contribute to the independent management of each depot are analysed. The change of such practices is investigated and their impact assessed on the total collection cost. A solution methodology based on mathematical formulations is developed to plan service areas, vehicle routes and vehicle schedules taking into account new alternative solutions in managing the system as a whole. Such methodology is applied to a real case study of a company responsible for the collection of the packaging waste in 7 municipalities in mainland Portugal. New service areas, collection routes and vehicle schedules are defined and significant savings are obtained in terms of the total distance travelled as well as in terms of the number of required vehicles, resulting in a decreasing of the total system cost.     

双怠速法机动车尾气排放检测结果的影响因素分析

针对双怠速法机动车尾气排放检测过程中经常大量出现过量空气系数(λ)不合格现象,结合相关标准和工作实践对影响检测结果的因素进行分析。结果显示,取样管路的气密性差、系统响应时间未达标准、测试软件程序设置错误、高怠速转速设置不合理及由于车辆特性导致的选用标准及操作错误均会导致λ测试结果超标,影响双怠速检测法的准确性。